Raw material control and safe storage

Feed ingredients are the first control point for safe feed production. Some plant feed ingredients are heavily used by pesticides during the growth process due to pests and infestations, causing pesticide residues in cereal products to greatly exceed the standard. Feed mills should strengthen the use of raw materials. Detection of pesticide residues. In addition, the wastewater and waste gas discharged from industrial production are also quite polluting on feed ingredients.

At present, due to the limitations of testing equipment, most feed production enterprises do not detect pesticide residue and industrial pollution raw materials. This is a major hidden danger in safe feed production, and feed producers should pay enough attention. Moisture of feed ingredients is the key to safe storage, especially for some freshly harvested vegetable raw materials, the water generally cannot meet the safe storage standards. During storage, the raw materials are easily contaminated by molds to produce large amounts of mycotoxins and the quality of feed produced. deterioration. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the storage conditions of raw materials and control the moisture content of feedstuffs (safe water is below 12%) to minimize mold contamination, which is the most effective and most active method. Many raw materials cannot be treated as fairly dry because of economic reasons. The use of anti-mold agents to control mold growth is an effective measure. However, anti-mold agents cannot remove the mycotoxin from the raw materials. Therefore, mold control measures must be taken as soon as possible before the mold contamination occurs.

At present, due to the shortage of raw materials for feed, the phenomenon of adulteration of raw materials is very serious, and the adulteration of feed ingredients has plagued safe feed production. Therefore, when receiving raw materials, they must pass strict tests to confirm whether they meet the quality standards and resolutely eliminate unqualified raw materials from entering the factory.
Most of the raw materials in feed are corn, usually stored in upright silos, especially steel silos. Due to the large temperature difference between day and night, it is easy to cause moisture evaporation of stored raw materials and condensation of vapour, so that part of the raw materials close to the silo wall High water content, such as long-term storage easy to produce mildew. Therefore, the management of raw materials in the silos should be strengthened, and the moisture of the raw materials can be reduced by turning the warehouses to ensure the safety of the stored materials.

2 raw material cleaning

In feed processing, people often attach importance to the cleaning of large impurities and magnetic impurities in feed materials to ensure the safety of feed processing equipment, and the cleaning of small and medium impurities in feed is often overlooked. These small impurity components are complex and are places where various harmful microorganisms breed. When the moisture and temperature of the raw materials are suitable for their growth, the nutrients of the raw materials are their culture medium, which makes them grow rapidly and produce a large amount of harmful substances, posing a threat to feed safety. Therefore, in the production of feed, small impurities must also be removed to facilitate feed safety and ensure product quality.

3 Control of harmful components in raw materials

The raw materials used in feed processing are very complex. Some raw materials have natural toxic and harmful substances, such as alkaloids, free gossypol, tannins, and protease inhibitors in plant-based raw materials. Phytic acid and toxic nitro compounds, such as ammonia, anti-sulphur and ammonia in animal raw materials, and blood, fat, bone meal, or meat and bone meal in mammals contaminated with micro-organisms. These poisonous and harmful substances cause many kinds of damage to animals. harm. Therefore, in the selection of raw materials should be controlled according to actual needs of such raw materials, such as cotton, rapeseed meal should use detoxification cake or control dosage, ruminant animal feed is prohibited in the use of meat and bone meal.

4 control of various additives in the recipe

In addition to meeting the production performance requirements of livestock and poultry, the feed formulation should comply with the national hygiene standards. At the same time, relevant national regulations on feed should be implemented. It is forbidden to use illicit drugs and antibiotic dregs. For feeds that require the addition of drugs, drugs approved by the State should be added, and must meet the applicable animal range, dosage, withdrawal period and precautions. In order to save feed production costs and make full use of feed resources, some unconventional feed ingredients have been used. When using these raw materials, first of all to ensure its own safety, for its own raw materials with some toxic, should take measures to prevent.

With the development of biotechnology, the proportion of genetically modified crops and their by-products used as feed has gradually increased, and raw materials such as high-oil corn, high-lysine corn, low-toxic rapeseed meal, and high methionine soybean have been used in feed production. . However, these transgenic plants are used as feed ingredients and have not reached a consistent conclusion on the safety of animal health and livestock products. Therefore, it is necessary to be cautious when choosing genetically modified products as feed ingredients.

5 Manually add controls

In feed plant design, in order to facilitate the addition of a small amount of materials, reduce the number of feed silos, and save investment costs, artificial addition ports are often designed, which is reasonable in process design. However, artificially added mistakes may pose a threat to safe feed production. In order to ensure the accuracy of manual addition, sound control technology and photoelectric integration method can be used to control the addition of additives in process design. This technology can prevent the addition or repeated addition of additives, and should strengthen management to prevent manual measurement errors.

6 Feed Processing Process Design and Equipment Selection

Feed production is a combination of a series of processing equipment and conveying equipment. Reasonable design process and selection of equipment are also important links in safe feed production. It is mainly to reduce the gradation and residue of materials in the processing process, and to use the heat treatment in the process to eliminate the influence of anti-nutritional factors and harmful microorganisms in the raw materials.

6. l Classification of the processing process In feed processing, the difference in the density of the feed components, the difference in the carrier particle size, and the minor components such as additives are not sufficiently mixed with the other large components in the feed, which is important for the classification. the reason. Feeding, loading, and unloading of raw materials can also result in grading. Manual operations and improper design of processing processes can also cause grading. Measures to reduce classification are to rationally design the feed processing process and select high-quality and precise equipment; to ensure uniform mixing of raw materials by adjusting the composition of raw materials and the particle size of crushed; to carry out effective load carrying on micro-components to change the mixing of trace components. Characteristics; adding liquid components to increase the adhesion of the powder; granulating or expanding the product also helps to avoid the above phenomenon. For powdered products (especially composite premixes), the finished powdered material after mixing should minimize the transport distance to reduce the effect of material grading.

6.2 Plus. Residual contamination of the process Many factors can cause feed residue in the equipment leading to cross-contamination. If corresponding measures are taken in process design and equipment selection, the generation of residue can be reduced. In the process design, the transfer process uses the form of distributors and self-flow as much as possible and uses less horizontal transport. For horizontal conveying equipment, such as screw conveyors and scraper conveyors, due to structural reasons, there are more or less residual materials that should be easily accessible and easy to clean during equipment design, or use self-cleaning scraper conveyors. Under the conditions of meeting the process requirements, the number of material lifts and the number of buffer bins should be minimized. The suction and dust removal system sets up an independent wind network as far as possible, and the collected dust is directly sent back to the original place to avoid secondary pollution. In particular, the production of the compound premix for dosing should be treated as such. The measurement of trace components should be arranged as far as possible in the upper part of the mixer. If it must be lifted or transported after metering and weighing, high density pneumatic conveying must be used to prevent gradation and residue. High-risk trace components such as drugs must be added directly to the mixer. Medicinal feed production should use special production lines as far as possible to minimize the risk of cross-contamination. In order to reduce the residual impact on the feed, some cleaning devices can be designed to use compressed air to clean certain parts of the equipment. In the selection of equipment, the accuracy of the electronic equipment and mixing equipment of the metering equipment should be determined. The metering equipment and electronic scales should be determined according to the nature of the materials of different proportions in the selection of the measuring range. The metering equipment with the same amount of wood is used to meet the requirements of different materials. The request. In the production of compound feed and composite premix, the choice of mixer is important. The mixer should be able to achieve a mixing accuracy of no more than 5% with a variation ratio of one in 100,000. The design of the mixer should ensure that as little material as possible remains in the mixer after each batch is mixed. Due to the difference in particle size and the final product requirements for production, in the production of premixed feed, the particle size of the material is small, the mixing uniformity is high, the required residue is small, and the material is electrostatically generated during the mixing process. The characteristics of the blended material require different mixers. Bucket elevators, chutes, batching and buffering hoppers will also generate residue. When selecting equipment, the internal surfaces of the chute, silo, and hopper should be required to be smooth, leaving no dead ends. Irrational liquid additions can also have an impact on the residue of the material and should be noted

6.3 Application of Heat Treatment Process The effect of heat treatment before and after conventional granulation depends on temperature, time, and steam quality. The role of quenching and tempering is to improve the quality of pellet feed and improve the digestibility of feed. At the same time, it can destroy the anti-nutritional factors in the raw materials, kill harmful microorganisms in the raw materials, and control the sanitary quality of the pellet feed. This quenching and tempering process is limited by the structure of the pellet machine and the effect of tempering is not ideal. At present, improvements have been made in the refining and tempering process, mainly by increasing the time of quenching and tempering to extend the conditioning time, so that the hygienic quality of the feed after conditioning is improved. Another method is to use expansion or extrusion method, make full use of time, temperature, combined with mechanical shear and pressure, high treatment intensity, sterilization effect is more obvious. Expansion or extrusion conditioning improves the quality of the feed.

6.4 Problems with external spray applications Heat-sensitive substances can cause losses during the heat treatment process, so they can be added during the conditioning process without adding them. These substances are added to the surface of the granules, which may cause granules to be powdered in the process of transportation or transportation. After the surface coating materials are pulverized, they are enriched and have a uniform distribution. Therefore, the outer coating should be used to make the outer coating material tightly bound to the granules. The granule processing quality is a guarantee of the quality of the outer coating. Usually, the coating effect of the extrusion coating product is better.

7 Production Process Management

Feed production is more complicated, with more feeding points for raw materials, more production equipment, more forms of conveying equipment, and more suction and dust removal pipes. Therefore, the management of the production process is a systematic project, which plays an important role in the production of safe feed and the control of product quality. .

7. l Receiving and storage of raw materials When raw materials are received and stored, it is necessary to ensure that the quality of incoming raw materials meets the standards. Raw materials should be stored in corresponding locations according to different varieties and quality, and cross-contamination should be strictly prevented. The storage of raw materials should be first-in-first-out to minimize the changes in quality, eliminate the impact of external environmental factors on the raw materials, and prevent the pests, rodents, and microorganisms from harming the raw materials.

7.2 Feeding and Conveying Equipment Management Check whether there is any change in the quality of raw materials when feeding raw materials. If raw materials are found to be abnormal, appropriate treatment measures should be taken in time. The specifications of the raw materials to be injected shall comply with the formulation requirements, and various raw materials shall be put into the corresponding silos according to the requirements of the regulations. Artificial feeding is a highly responsible position. To ensure the accuracy of measurement and feeding, a system of mis-investment and mis-investment reporting should be established. Bucket elevator bottom, scraper conveyor, screw conveyor and slide buffer section are easy to produce residue, and should be cleaned regularly; bucket elevator discharge, dilute phase pneumatic conveying, slide tube will make the material grading, according to the nature of the material Determine the bucket lifter discharge method, set the buffer section of the slide pipe reasonably, and the mixed material must not be pneumatically conveyed to prevent the occurrence of grading.

7.3 Management of production equipment It is necessary to check whether the equipment is operating normally and whether there is leakage or not, and it is necessary to prevent the leakage of equipment lubricants from contaminating the materials. The crusher should use the corresponding sieve plate to control the particle size, and pay attention to whether the sieve plate is damaged. The accuracy of measurement equipment weighing is very important. We must use different measuring equipment to meet the weighing of materials. If the addition of small materials cannot meet the requirements of measurement accuracy, the materials of small materials must be diluted again. To ensure the mixing time of the mixer, the mixing uniformity must be consistent with the process requirements. Premixes should be packaged directly to prevent transportation grading. The quality of steam must be ensured in the process of tempering, and the potential for tempering and tempering should be brought into full play by the use of moisture, temperature and time factors. The particle quality must be able to meet the follow-up process requirements. Cooling of pellets is based on formulation requirements, particle size and environmental changes to determine the cooling time. Speed ​​and cooling air flow, so that particles moisture, temperature in line with storage standards. When the particles are applied externally, the amount of spray should be adjusted flexibly according to the particle flow to ensure the amount of spraying and even spraying. When packing, ensure that the packaged materials are measured accurately, and at the same time, strengthen label management to prevent mislabeling.

7.4 Dedusting System and Cleaning The dust collection and cleaning of the feed production process is an important measure to ensure sanitary production. Each feeding point and equipment that generates dust should be provided with suction outlets. The dust removal system should be set reasonably according to the characteristics of the materials. It is best to set Independent suction system, adsorbed dust can directly return to production equipment for secondary production. Production workshops and production equipment should be cleaned in time to prevent dust accumulation. The cleaned materials should be treated according to regulations to prevent secondary pollution.

8. Post-processing feed storage management

After processing, the materials are stored according to regulations to prevent deterioration of the feed in the storage process, which is beneficial to the first-in, first-out of the finished products, and no pollution during transportation. It is forbidden to mix the feed with pesticides, fertilizers and other chemical products. When the user stacks the finished product, the feed must be prevented from being contaminated in the livestock house. The user should be instructed to use it properly. Attention should be paid to the withdrawal period of the product in order to avoid residues of the drug in animal products. Feeds recovered from users should be treated according to different properties and have corresponding records.

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