In order to overcome the severe impact of drought in our province and minimize the impact of drought, the Provincial Soil Fertilizer Station summarized the development of rice straw-covered crop cultivation technology and formulated the “Integrated Technology for Rice-covered Sweet Potato Production” and “Straw-covered potato cultivation”. "Technology" and "Straw Covered Winter Garlic Cultivation Techniques" to guide the development of straw-covered crop technology in various parts of our province.

Straw-covered sweet potato comprehensive increase production technology

First, the principle of technology

The technique of comprehensive production increase of straw-covered sweet potato is based on soil preparation, reasonable close planting and timely planting, using rice straw to cover the surface of the crop, scientific and rational fertilizer, and prevention and control of pests and diseases, so as to provide shade and moisturizing insulation in the summer, effectively preventing The potato seedlings were burned by the sun, defoliated and dead seedlings were lack of seedlings, which improved the survival rate, promoted early rooting, early branching, early tuberization, and promoted the effective growth and enlargement of the tuber, thereby increasing the yield of the sweet potato and improving the quality of the sweet potato.

Second, cover straw technical measures

1. Site preparation

After the early rice or late rice is harvested, or if it is originally a site, the plowing site and the deep plowing larvae shall be hurriedly organized and the manpower shall be smashed, and the smashed mud shall be broken with a hoe, so that the sorghum will be flat and the inside will be fine; It is better to go from east to west, finishing in a short-term manner, and using the shape of "flat shoulders and full waist" as the best shape. Each ditch is about 1 meter high, 0.4 meters high and 0.3 meters wide.

2, timely planting seedlings

After picking up, it should be moistened, and the seedlings should be planted in the afternoon or evening. When the seedlings are planted, the short and strong seedlings with a length of about 20 cm in the first section and the second section of the cane seedlings should be planted.

Winter potatoes are planted in the middle or late October and strive to grow early. If there is a warm winter, it can be delayed in due course.

3, covered straw

After transplanting the potato seedlings, straw is used to cover the sweet potato buckwheat noodles. In general, each mu of sweet potato land needs to cover 1-1.5 mu of straw (about 400-600 kg), and evenly covers the surface.

There are three ways to cover the grass: generally use the direction of straw and sorghum vertical, across the cover; the second is the straw on both sides of the oyster into a "human" shape cover, grass head down, straw up; the third is Covered with straight grass, that is, the direction of the straw is consistent with that of the pupa, from the dome to the waist. According to practice, it is proved that the better effect of increasing yield is to adopt the first method of covering grass and the operation in the field is convenient; if the surface of the yam is large, the second method can be adopted for the short straw, and the amount of grass is large, and the ditch repair operation is not Convenience.

4, do a good job of seedling nursery

After the survival of the potato seedlings, the seedlings naturally extend out of the grass surface, or three or four days later, the bamboo shoots are used to expose the straw, so that the seedlings stick out of the grass surface, and the straw stays in the noodles, allowing it to rot naturally. Within one month, it is not necessary to cultivator rake the grass, and after one month it can be combined with ditching and earth-cultivation.

Third, supporting technology

1, do a good job of fertilizer application and water management

Fertilizer application must be sufficient Shijifeimiao, early Miaofei, re-build Zhuangteng fertilizer; fertilizer mainly organic fertilizer, re-application of potash fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer ratio of 1:0.5:1.5. Water management should try to keep the soil moist.

Shizuji Fei: In the beginning of the rubbish in the earthworms in the application of soil miscellaneous fertilizer or manure 1250 kg per mu, 15 kg of superphosphate, compound fertilizer 10 kg, 7-10 kg of potash, pay attention to basic fertilizer must be placed in the heart.

Apply Miao Fei: After planting Miao, 750 kg of diluted manure water or 2.5 kg of urea will be used for watering.

Replanting Zhuangteng Fertilizer: It can be used in about 40 days after planting with soil per acre with composted manure 750-1500 kilograms of mixed plant ash 60 kilograms or urea 3 kilograms, potassium fertilizer 6 kilograms digging.

2. Prevention of pests and diseases: In the middle period (about 60 days after planting), clean the ditch, cover the soil of the bottom of the ditch with a tip of a cane tip, reduce the damage of the small weevil, and prevent and treat the potato stem borer.

Fourth, suitable area

The production technology is adapted to the second- or third-cropping areas where "rice-tubers-vegetables" or "rice-rice-potatoes" is adopted in the farming system. The effect of increasing production in coastal areas and Mid-levels is obvious.

V. Benefit Analysis

(1) Sweet potato cover grass can play a significant role in increasing fat and soil. According to the determination of the sheep farm in Nan'ao County, Shantou City, soil organic matter increased from 2.44% to 3.31%, an increase of 0.87 percentage points, and the increase rate reached 36%.

(2) Save labor and save production costs. According to the assessment of the Nan'ao County Bureau of Agriculture, sweet potato covered straw can save production cost of 10.6 yuan per mu; Huashe Village, Huahu Town, Huilai County accounts for 10 labor days per mu.

(3) After covering rice straw, it can improve the small climate in the garden and play a role in moisturizing and heat preservation in winter. According to Nanao County, the soil temperature in the 0-5 cm soil layer after cover grass is 1.1-1.8°C higher than that in the uncovered grass, and the 0-15 cm soil temperature can be increased by 0.8-1.1°C.

(4) Increase sweet potato production and increase production and income. According to the inspection results of Shantou City Bureau of Agriculture on the 12 points of the city, under the same conditions, the average yield per mu of straw covered with sweet potato was 3790.7 kg, which was 3343.3 kg per mu, which was increased by 447.5 kg per mu from the control area without covered straw, and the yield was increased by 13.4. According to the results of the demonstration of straw covered with winter sweet potato in Matai County, Dingbai County, 1637.2 kilograms of fresh potatoes are produced per mu, which is 38% higher than that of straw (21.3-62% in Daejeon) and 210 per mu. 341 yuan (calculated as 0.60 yuan per kilogram of potato), deducting an increase of 80 yuan per mu, and increasing the net return of 130-216 yuan per mu.

Due to the significant effect of this technology, the area of ​​using straw-covered sweet potato in Chaoshan region has accounted for 70% to 80% of the planting area of ​​sweet potato, and some towns and villages have been fully promoted.

Straw-covered potato cultivation techniques

First, the principle of technology

After the rice straw covers the potatoes, it reduces the evaporation of water and keeps the soil moist, which greatly improves the drought resistance of the potato and the ability of the soil to retain water and fertility. Maintaining the soil temperature, the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the soil at night is conducive to the formation and enlargement of the tuber; Clustered, reduce weeding times and processes, reduce artificial input, reduce labor intensity; effectively prevent heavy rain or heavy rain from scouring the surface, injure crop stems and leaves, promote safe growth of potato seedlings, increase seedling rate, improve Tianwen's microclimate, and reduce pests and diseases; Reduce the use of pesticides or pesticides, and reduce the green peel rate of potato, and increase potato yield and quality.

Second, the main rules of cultivation techniques

1, seed selection and processing. Choose high-yield, virus-free seed varieties and plant seed quarantine before seeding in the seed production area. Potato pieces are processed before sowing, that is, the cutters are disinfected with fungicides when the buds are cut. Each cut piece of potato must be disinfected once to avoid infection of diseased potatoes.

2, picking up and planting. The original hoe to plow the earth to pick up the hoe, the width of the glutinous rice is about 1 meter, and the ploughing ground will smash the soil, which will facilitate the unearthing of the potato sprouts and be easy to manage. At the time of planting, about 75 kilograms of seed must be planted per acre, and 3000-4,000 plants are planted per acre.

3. Reapply base fertilizer. Basal fertilizers are usually applied at the same time when they are harvested. They are mainly farmyard fertilizers, applying 2,500 kg per acre.

4, cover the straw. Immediately after planting, the surface of the plant is covered with wet grass, covering the amount of rice straw per acre. It is appropriate to cover an acre of potato with the amount of straw per acre of rice field, and the amount of acreage of the acre is about 300-400 kg. After covering grass, pour water or cover a small amount of crushed soil to compact the straw to prevent the straw from being blown by the wind.

5, do a good job of top dressing and moisture management. Potato fertilization is based on the principle of medium-nitrogen and low-phosphorus and high-potassium fertilizer. Top dressing is applied three times in the seedling stage, initial stage of tuber block and expansion of tubers, and the main application is based on the official book. The total fertilizer is 18-20 kg of urea per acre. Potassium chloride 25 kg. The amount of topdressing fertilizer in the former (Jiaomiao period) and middle period (the beginning of the potato block) accounted for about 70% of the total amount. After the planting, a horse is irrigated and the soil is kept moist.

6, do a good job of pest control. The main focus is on the prevention and control of aphids and viral infections.

Third, benefit analysis

1. Improve soil fertility. From continuous straw cover in 1992 to 1996, soil organic matter increased from 1.7% to 2%, total nitrogen increased from 0.1% to 0.12%, alkaline dissolved nitrogen increased from 107.1ppm to 135.8ppm, and available phosphorus increased from 30.3ppm to 98.7ppm. The available potassium increased from 74.3ppm to 130.2ppm.

2. It has a significant effect of increasing production and income, and improves the quality of potatoes. After covering rice straw, 160 kg of potatoes will be increased per mu, which will increase production by 17%; the rate of peel will be reduced by 6% compared with non-covered grass; the emergence rate will increase by 4.1%; and 3-5 days of watering and weeding will be reduced per mu. In addition, the second year of early-season rice covering the potato trails after rice straw was increased by 50 kilograms per hectare of rice in early rice than in winter. In Pinghai Town, Huidong County, an average of 3-4 mu of potatoes are planted per household, and the average output value of the villagers is 1,235 yuan.

Fourth, typical examples

As the effect of straw-covered winter potato is significant, Pinghai Township, Huidong County, has now widely promoted straw-covered potatoes. In 1996, the straw coverage rate reached 100%, including 11.5 million mu of potato, 0.5 million mu of vegetables, and winter crop yields. 40 million yuan, accounting for 48.9% of the crop production in 1996; the average winter crop yield is 2200 yuan, accounting for 61% of the 1996 annual output value. Only one winter, one town, the town of rural people's income to achieve 2400 yuan, accounting for the 1996 annual total income of 38.3%.

Straw-covered winter garlic cultivation techniques

First, the principle of technology

The straw-covered winter garlic cultivation technique is based on the growth characteristics of garlic and moist moisture avoiding waterlogging, using the advantages of winter light temperature and soil conditions, covering the straw after planting garlic, improving the environmental conditions of the soil surface and the park's microclimate, adjusting the ground temperature, reducing Water evaporation and fertilizer loss, inhibit the growth of weeds, create a suitable field conditions for garlic growth, promote garlic root growth and nutrient absorption, thereby increasing garlic production.

Second, the cultivation of technical regulations

1. Land selection. The choice of drainage and irrigation is convenient, the sandy loam in the middle of fertility or the tide sand field, before being used as late rice. Arid sandy soil and low-lying lands are not suitable for growing garlic. Neutral and slightly alkaline soils are good for garlic growth.

2. Set up the ground and apply base fertilizer. After the late rice is harvested, the original site is deep plowed and smashed, so that the soil is finely chopped and crushed, 2000-2,500 kilograms of organic soil fertilizer per acre, 60 kilograms of peanut bran, and 20-25 kilograms of superphosphate (commercially advanced by stacking). , 50 kg of vegetation ash, after the application of smashing uniform, and then from the squat, each 畦 width of 1-1.2 meters, 15-20 cm wide groove, 畦 20-25 cm high.

3, sowing seeds. Select the high-yielding varieties that are suitable for local planting, select the original species of garlic, remove the garlic clogs, and remove the disease flaps. Before planting, sow 3–4 cm deep sowing trenches for planting. Plant spacing is 1113 cm and 40,000 mu are planted. The winter seeds of garlic are competing for early planting, and they are usually planted around “frost”, and after planting, the cover soil is covered with ridges.

4, do a good job of covering the straw after chemical weeding. About 3 days after sowing, acetochlor 75 g watered with 40-50 kg of water was sprayed on the surface of the plant for chemical weeding, and the rice straw was covered. 250-300 kilograms of dry straw per acre was evenly covered on the surface. The method could be directly covered. Or cover, to not see the top soil layer as the standard.

5, do a good job of fertilizer management. When the garlic grows to 3-4 leaves, the Mushi compound fertilizer l0-12.5 kg; to 9-10 leaves, acres of topdressing urea 8-10 kg and potassium chloride 5-7.5 kg, to adapt to the exuberant plant The need for growth, and increase the width of the stem disk, so that the scale buds grow into garlic as soon as possible, the horse water should be timely irrigation after each fertilization. During the growth process of garlic, the field soil should be kept moist, and the drought should be promptly filled with water. After the expansion of garlic, the irrigation should be controlled.

6, timely harvest. It can be harvested when the yellow leaves of garlic begin to wilt, and sunny and dry weather should be selected as much as possible.

Third, suitable areas or conditions

Since the cultivation mode is to grow garlic after harvesting late rice, the cultivation mode is suitable for two crops a year or three crops a year, which is not suitable for irrigation or sandy soil in arid regions.

Fourth, benefit analysis

After the implementation of straw cover, the general production of dry garlic 470-550 kg per mu, than not cover straw (other conditions the same) mu production 390-445 kg, mu increase 80-105 kg, increase production 20.5-23.6%; and garlic quality improved, The market price will increase by 0.8 yuan per kilogram, and it will be available 7-10 days ahead of straw.

Due to the significant benefits, the winter garlic grown in Zhenwen Town of Wuchuan City has basically been promoted with straw-covered garlic, covering an area of ​​2,700 mu. Chen Huacun, a low-lying management district in Zhenwen Town, has used straw-covered garlic to produce 478 kg of dry garlic, which is less than that of uncovered garlic. The 392 kg mu of straw yielded 86 kg per mu, which increased production by 22%; the yield per mu covered straw was 3059.2 yuan, which was 2195.2 yuan per mu when it was not covered with straw, and it increased by 864 yuan per mu, representing an increase of 39.4%.

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