The turtle shell is slightly flat, and the back and abdomen are fixed and not movable. The back is 10-12 cm long and 15 cm wide. There are 3 longitudinal ridges. There are yellow line markings on the sides of the head and neck. The four limbs are slightly flat. There are full septums between the fingers and the toes. Except for the fifth hind leg, the tips of the fingers have claws.

Turtles generally live in rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs and mountains, and sometimes go ashore. In the natural environment, turtles feed on worms, snails, shrimp, and small fish, and also eat the stems and leaves of plants. The turtle is a kind of variable-temperature animal. When the temperature is above 150C, it is normal and feeds in large quantities, but when the temperature is below 10 degrees Celsius, it enters hibernation. Turtle activity frequently occurs from April to October each year. During this period, turtles start to swim in the water every day when they fall. They stop to feed until dawn and dive into the water, often on a sunny day from 10 am to 16 pm When climbing up the shore, quiet is better than the sun in the shore. In June and August, the turtle was a food-rich period, and its food intake gradually decreased in October, and it was hibernating in November and March.

In addition, the turtle also has the following characteristics: low reproduction rate and slow growth, a turtle of about 500 grams only raises 100 grams per year after breeding. However, turtles have a stronger hunger-resistance ability, and even if they break fast for several months, they are not easily starved to death. The disease resistance is also strong, and the survival rate is high. So turtles are easier to raise animals.

The turtle's plastron is called "turtle plate" and is a more valuable medicine. It has the effect of supplementing heart and kidney, nourishing yin and reducing anger, nourishing and strengthening the body. It is also a hemostatic agent and can be used to treat hematemesis, hematuria, and uterine bleeding. In addition, turtle meat contains extremely rich protein and vitamins, and is a delicious and delicious food and tonic. In recent years, wild turtle resources have been caught less and less due to over-harvesting, but the demand for turtles at domestic and foreign markets is increasing. Therefore, turtles can be cultivated on the one hand to make them rich. On the other hand, they can also protect wild turtle species. source.

Feeding management

1. Feeding methods

Artificial breeding turtles have a variety of methods such as pond raising, cylinder raising, basin raising, and reservoir pond raising. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages and can be selected according to local conditions. For general professional households and small-scale farms, it is better to build ponds because it is easy to manage and has greater economic benefits.

The construction of aquaculture ponds: The turtle ponds and breeding ponds can be constructed with reference to the specifications and methods of the baby turtle ponds and breeding ponds. The construction of adult turtle pool is also similar to that of the turtle turtle's adult turtle pool, but the area can be larger in order to breed a larger number of turtles. If the adult turtle pool is large, fish turtles can also be polycultured and raise some herbivorous and filter-feeding fish in the pond to improve the overall economic benefits of breeding. It should be noted that the turtle also has the property of hole-making and easy escape. Therefore, the wall of the wall must be about 50 cm deep underground.

2. Turtle feed and feeding

Turtles have a wide range of food habits. Rice, wheat, peas, small fish, shrimps, insects, and snails are all eaten. The favorite foods are small fish, snails, corn, and rice. In artificial rearing, various feeds, such as fish, shrimps, snails, river clams, and plants in animal feeds, should be used to meet various nutrients required for turtle growth and to avoid poor growth and development of anorexia due to single feed. Rice, wheat, corn, etc. in the feed. To make the turtle fully digest the feed, corn, peas, etc. must be crushed and soaked for about 2 hours before feeding. Other large foods must also be chopped before feeding. It should also be noted that during different periods of turtle growth, feeds containing different nutrients should be fed according to their growth characteristics.

The turtle’s life is closely related to the climate. It starts feeding at the beginning of April every year. The highest peak of the feeding activities in June and August is the fastest, and the food intake starts to decline after the temperature drops gradually in October, when the temperature drops below 10 degrees Celsius. When you stop eating, go into hibernation. Therefore, feeding should be carried out according to the growth characteristics of the turtle. The general requirements are as follows:

(1) timing. In spring and autumn, the temperature is relatively low. The turtles do not move much sooner or later. They feed only around noon, so they should feed their feed at 8 to 9 am. From the rainy season to the autumnal equinox, the turtle eats during the peak season. At the time of summer, the turtle is generally not active at noon, and most of the activities take place at 17 to 19:00 pm. Therefore, it is advisable to feed it at 16-17 hours in the afternoon. Timing can make the turtle eat on time, get more nutrition, and can also ensure fresh feed.

(2) Positioning. A fixed feeding point is set along the segmental position of the pool, and the feeding table of the feeding point should be close to the water surface to facilitate the swallowing of the turtle's swallowing water. The purpose of positioning and feeding feeds is to make turtles develop habits, to facilitate them to find food, and to facilitate observation of turtle activities and inspection of feeding conditions.

(3) qualitative. The feed should be kept fresh. After feeding, the leftover food should be promptly removed to prevent the feed rot from stinking and affecting the turtle's appetite and pollution.

(4) Quantitative. The feed intake depends on the temperature, water quality, appetite and activities of the turtle. It depends on the appetite and its activity. It is advisable to have some food surplus. Usually every 1 to 2 days feeding 1 time.

3. Feeding of hatchlings

The newly emerged juvenile turtle is of weak constitution and has weak gastrointestinal function and digestive ability. Therefore, it should not be stocked in the rearing pond immediately. Instead, it should be fed carefully and care for a period of time to improve the survival rate of the hatchling.

The principles of feeding and care for hatchlings are: 1. Do a good job of cleaning to prevent turtles from getting sick. 2. Control the appropriate temperature and astringency for its normal growth. 3. Incubation of hatchlings gradually adapts to the external environment and feeds on their own. The specific approach is: the newly hatched hatchlings are first placed in a small glass box and allowed to crawl for 3 to 5 hours. After the hatchlings of the hatchlings dry off, they are immersed in a 0.6% saline solution for disinfection. Then put them in an indoor glass box or tub. Do not use manual force to pull off the umbilical cord of the hatchlings. This will result in injury and death of the hatchlings. Juvenile turtle terrariums change water once a day or two times. The water temperature is strictly controlled at 25-30 degrees Celsius. When the weather is hot, it is necessary to spray water into the terrarium repeatedly to regulate the temperature and increase the oxygen in the water so that the hatchlings can be suitable. Under normal conditions. The young hatchlings hatched for one to two days do not need to be fed, but only a small amount of cereal feeds are started after two days, and then a small amount of cooked eggs and crushed fish, frog meat, pumpkin sweet potatoes, etc. are mixed. . After 7 days of feeding, the juvenile has a stronger body and can be transferred to an outdoor breeding pond.

4. Matters needing attention when feeding turtles

(1) Young turtles, adult turtles, and turtles should be kept in separate ponds to avoid the phenomenon of large turtles swallowing small turtles. It is also convenient to determine the feed amount and feeding management, so as to facilitate observation and control of turtle growth.

(2) Because the turtle has a mild temperament and timidity, it should be kept quiet around the rearing pond so as not to affect the turtle's feeding, sun exposure, mating, and spawning.

(3) Frequently change the water in the rearing pond, keep the pond water clean, and do a good job in the hygiene of the rearing pond to prevent the turtle from having a disease.

(4) The sand in the open space between the pool and the surrounding wall should maintain a certain degree of humidity. In the summer season, some cooling measures should be taken, such as watering, planting some small shrubs.

(5) Before the hibernation period, check the growth of the turtles, add to the frail breeders, and feed the tortoise-like feed more, so that the turtles will accumulate a lot of nutrients, grow their bodies, and safely survive the winter.

5. Hibernation management

Turtles are hypothermic animals, and their lives are greatly affected by the ambient temperature. From November to March of the following year, when the temperature is below 100C, the turtle is lying still in the mud at the bottom of the pool or lying in the loose soil covered with rice straw, and it is hibernating without food. At this time its metabolism is very new. Slow and weak. Until the beginning of April, when the temperature rose above l50C, the turtle began to resume activities and feed in large quantities. Therefore, it is not necessary to feed the food during the hibernation period, and it is not necessary to change the water. The main work during this period is thermal insulation, such as around the pool and Cover the straw in the open space between the pool and the wall; second, prevent the natural enemies of the turtle from invading.

Reproduction technology

1. Identification of male and female turtles

Female turtles and male turtles have more obvious differences in appearance: male turtles are smaller, turtle shells are black, trunks are thin and thin, tails are long and thin, with special odors; female turtles are larger, shells are brownish-yellow, The longitudinal edges are prominent, the trunk is short and thick, and the tail is thick and short, with no special smell. A more reliable and accurate method of identification is to catch adult turtles during the turtle's breeding season. When its limbs and head and tail both want to shrink into human shells, they use their fingers to force their heads and limbs away from it. Time breathing, this time the turtle discharge hole is discharged from the sub-bladder water, and then the genitalia slowly protruding, if only outward protruding ribs wrinkled wall for the female turtle; if there is a blood-filled expansion was brown purple transfer device outside Turtles are males, and males also have milky white semen if they are mated.

2. Breeding

Turtles generally have to mature beyond 8 years of gonads and mature above 10 years of age. The mating time of turtles began in late April, usually at 17:18 pm in the afternoon, mating on land or in water. Turtles lay eggs on land and the spawning period is May-August. Prior to spawning, turtles often climb to dusky or pre-dawn areas where they are more secluded from the shore and have looser soil (water content in the soil is 5% to 20%), and the extremities alternately excavate into cavities (typically 10cm deep Left and right, caliber 8 to 12 cm), and then the eggs produced in the hole, eggs produced and then cover the eggs on the soil, and use the plastron to flatten the earth before leaving. Turtles do not have the habit of guarding their nests to protect eggs; another of its reproductive characteristics is that the maturation of the eggs is not synchronized. So females spawn 3 to 4 times a year, spawning 5 to 7 at a time.

When breeding turtles artificially, before the mating period, mature turtles are selected and carefully reared to supply sufficient nutrients. In particular, more protein-rich feed should be fed to facilitate the production of fine germ cells by turtles; secondly, During the mating period of turtles, male and female turtles with mature sex and robust physique were fed in a ratio of 1:1 to allow them to naturally mate. During the turtle's spawning period, care should be taken to maintain the quietness of the rearing pond and the suitable humidity of the sand on the ground outside the pool so that female turtles can lay eggs smoothly. Finally, turtle eggs should be collected at any time for artificial hatching in order to obtain a higher reproduction rate and increase economic efficiency.

3. Artificial hatching of turtle eggs

The turtle's egg shell is grayish white and oval in shape, measuring 2.7 to 3.8 cm long and 1.3 to 2 cm wide. Under natural conditions, the hatchling hatches after 50 to 80 days of hatching. However, the natural hatching of turtle eggs is susceptible to external conditions such as temperature and light, and natural enemies such as snakes, rats and ants, making the incubation period long, and the hatching rate and survival rate are low. In order to increase the hatching rate of turtles, artificial hatching methods can be used. The specific approach is as follows:

(1) Oviposition: Males like to gather under the grass and roots and dig the soil to spawn. Therefore, turtles can be harvested based on the softness of the acupuncture points or the footprints of the claws and ash in the nesting point of the turtle. egg. Since turtles spawn more at dusk or before dawn, it is best to take the eggs in the morning to avoid damaging the turtle eggs.

(2) Egg selection: Artificial hatching should select fresh and high-quality eggs that have been fertilized. The sign that the egg has been fertilized is that the egg shell of the fertilized egg is smooth and not clay; while the unfertilized egg is of a different size, the shell is fragile or sag, and has muddy sand. Check whether the eggs are fresh and high-quality, you can observe the eggs against the sun, such as eggs within the ruddy is a good egg, eggs inside the turbidity or odor are bad eggs. In addition, malformed eggs should not be used.

(3) Artificial hatching of turtle eggs: The incubator can use tubs, washbasins, hatching trays (light wooden boxes of 70 cm x 50 cm x 15 cm), etc. First lay a layer of fine sand about 5 centimeters on the bottom of the incubator. To facilitate embryonic development, place the turtle's "animal pole" (the larger end of the egg) up on the fine sand, and cover the egg with a layer of it. About 3cm thick sand, then covered with a wet towel, and finally set the incubator ventilated place. Temperature and humidity are the key to the success of hatching, and too high or too low temperature and humidity are not conducive to embryonic development of turtle eggs. When artificial hatching, control the temperature between 28 and 320C, sprinkle water 1 or 2 times a day to maintain the appropriate humidity, but also pay attention to prevent natural enemies harm turtle eggs. After hatching for 50 to 60 days, hatchlings can be hatched.

Prevention of common diseases

In general, the turtle's adaptability and disease resistance are relatively strong and not susceptible to disease. When artificial breeding, as long as they pay attention to cleanliness at any time, often changing the water in the rearing pond, turtles generally do not get sick. But sometimes the following diseases and predators also occur:

Cold

Diseased turtles are sluggish, with bubbling noses and often open mouths, which can be considered as a cold.

Therapeutic method: You can use cold masking agent and metabolite dissolved in water to make turtle drinking service, and intramuscular injection of gentamycin in the hind leg 0.2ml; or injection of 10,000 units of penicillin, the weight of more than 05kg can be increased Up to 50,000 units per injection. General continuous medication and injection can be recovered within 3 days.

2. Enteritis

The disease is mainly caused by bacterial contamination of the intestinal tract due to water pollution or feed deterioration. Symptoms of the diseased turtle's head often look around, and the feces are thick and bloody. "It is extremely stinky; the appetite is weak and the body is wasting."

Treatment methods: Change water and feed fresh bait every day; Intramuscular injection of chlortetracycline or chloramphenicol, 0.5 ml per sick turtle, injection of large turtle weighing 0.5 kg or more can be increased to 1 ml, continuous 3 days. Add a small amount of chloramphenicol or furazolidone to feed.

3. Mycosis

This disease is mostly caused by the infection of the turtle's epidermis after being hit by the mold. The manifestation of necrosis of the epidermis is red and white, and severe mildew can be seen.

Control methods: During transportation, stocking, and transfer to the pool, the operation must be carefully performed to avoid the damage to the turtle body. If any turtle body injury is found before entering the pool, smear the affected area with 1% malachite green ointment or sulphonamide ointment. Once the diseased turtle is found, it should be isolated in time and be disinfected with 20% to 30% lime water. The diseased turtle body should be coated with gentian violet for 7 days. A small amount of oxytetracycline powder can also be added to the feed and fed for 3 days.

4. Software disease

The disease is mostly caused by malnutrition and lack of sunlight, manifested as loss of appetite, general weakness, listlessness, slow movement and slow growth.

Treatment method: Feed the full price feed with good palatability and nutrients, add calcium tablets to the feed, increase the number of hours of exposure, and irradiate the sun 2 to 3 times a day.

5. Predators

The natural enemies of turtles are mainly mice, ants, snakes and some birds. Rats are the most dangerous and can bite or even bite the turtles. Ants often crawl and eat eggs with cracked turtles. Therefore, in breeding management, attention should be paid to preventing the intrusion of these natural enemies.

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