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and can help the patient to feel more comfortable;2)Adding the wearable filaments in the basic papers, assure that they will not be bitten off. The reticulate basic paper can lock the pigments with maximize.3)Different thickness of thin type is half of the thick articulating papers, the patients will feel more comfortable while biting, and it can offer the biting trace more accurately.4)Thick type is the most widely used models. It`s softer and with better flexibility than traditional articulating papers, so that it can be closely integrated with the teeth grooves to reduce the possibility of misjudgment.5)Full arch type is used in the examination of full mouth bite, the dentists can find the biting side of patients at once.
Micron Chinese Herbs and Nanomedicine
It is one of the important process technologies of traditional Chinese medicine that the Chinese herbal medicines are processed into powders with different particle sizes and then made into various preparations. In addition to powder grades of powders, medium powders, fine powders, finest powders, and very fine powders in traditional techniques, micrometer-sized Chinese medicines and nano-medicines have appeared in recent years. The latter two are important signs of the modernization of pharmaceuticals, especially traditional Chinese medicines. Many papers have been frequently mentioned in recent years. However, the author found that sometimes the authors of some papers confuse micron herbs with nanomedicines and mislead readers. For this reason, the author briefly refers to micro-Chinese medicines and nano-medicines by referring to relevant information. The concept of scales must first clarify the micrometer and nanometer in the scale concept. One micron (millimeter) is 110-6m, which is one millionth of a meter; and one nanometer (nm) is 110-9m, ie one-billionth of a meter, which is equal to about 10 hydrogen atoms arranged in length. That is to say, 1mm = 1 000nm, the unit of length of the micrometer is 1000 times of the nanometer length unit. In order to be more visualized, we can compare the above dimensions with microscopic organisms. See Table 1. Table 1 Sizes of Microorganisms Microscale Microorganisms Microscale (μm) Nanoscale (nm) General Cell (cyanobacteria) 10 10000 General Bacteria (Staphylococcus) 1 1000 Mycoplasma 0.1 100 Large Virus 0.05 50 Parvo and Protein 0.01 10 Organic Molecular (amino acid) 0.001 1 Sucrose 0.0005 0.5 Hydrogen 0.0001 0.1 According to "The People's Republic of China Veterinary Pharmacopoeia Part II" (2000 edition) and related literature [1 ~ 6], the author summarized the granularity of ordinary Chinese medicine, micro-Chinese medicine and nano-Chinese medicine. For table 2. Table 2 Chinese medicine powder size powder size granularity ordinary Chinese medicine coarse powder (inside) particle size 850mm70mm (over 24 mesh sieve) medium powder (inside) particle size 250mm9.9mm (over 65 mesh sieve) fine powder (traumatic) particle size 150mm6.6mm (over 100 mesh) Finest powder (for eye) Particle size 125mm 5.8mm (over 120 mesh) Very fine powder size 75mm 4.1mm (over 200 mesh) Micron ultrafine powder, micropowder, Ultra Fine powder particle size 10mm (1~20mm) (over 300 mesh sieve) Nano-Chinese medicine nanoparticle, nano-microsphere particle size 20~500nm In addition to the ordinary Chinese medicines in Table 2, micrometer Chinese medicine and nano-Chinese medicine are described below. Micrometer Chinese medicine micrometer Chinese medicine refers to a new type of traditional Chinese medicine that adopts modern technical preparations and can maintain the original pharmacodynamics material basis of Chinese medicine and has a particle size of micrometers. Micron Chinese medicines include micro-Chinese herbal medicines, micro-Chinese medicine extracts and micro-Chinese medicine preparations. The particle diameter is 0.1 to 75 mm, and the average particle diameter is generally less than 10 mm, mainly distributed in 1 to 20 mm. Under the microscope, 98% of the particles of micronized Chinese medicine are cell debris, and the structure of the drug has not been seen. Therefore, it is also called a cell-grade or subcellular micropowder. The material basis for prevention and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine comes from its biologically active sites or active chemical components. However, the body's absorption and metabolism of drugs is an extremely complex process. The pharmacological effects of Chinese medicine are not only determined by its unique chemical composition, but also closely related to the physical state of the drug. Because of this, changing the physical state of drugs is a method worthy of active exploration to improve drug efficacy and develop new drugs. Among them, changing the unit size (volume) of a drug is one of the most effective methods. If the unit size of the drug can be reduced to micron or even submicron, the activity and bioavailability of the drug may be greatly improved. The average plant cell diameter is 10 to 100 mm. Therefore, the Chinese herbal medicines of animals and plants can be processed into fine powder of about 10 mm, and the cell walls of most cells can be broken. At this point, the degree of utilization and efficacy of Chinese medicine will be significantly improved. The advantages of micron medicine are: (1) increase drug absorption rate and increase bioavailability. The dissolution rate of the drug is proportional to the particle specific surface area of ​​the drug, and the specific surface area is inversely proportional to the particle size. Therefore, the finer the particle size of the drug, the larger its specific surface area, and the more it contributes to the elution of the active ingredient of the drug. In the in vitro dissolution test of Panax notoginseng with different particle sizes conducted by Liu Chengming et al. [7], the content of dissolved substances of Panax notoginseng micropowder, fine powder, coarse powder and granules at 45 minutes and the dissolution amount of total saponins of Panax notoginseng were determined. It shows that the smaller the particle size, the greater the dissolution. According to studies, the best absorption particle size of the gastrointestinal tract is about 15mm, and the particles of the micron Chinese medicine reach this optimal absorption fineness level; the solubility of the microencapsulated Chinese medicine active ingredient in the gastrointestinal tract is significantly increased, thereby increasing the drug's Bioavailability accelerates the onset of drug activity. Du Xiaomin et al [8] conducted comparative test results of micron-sized preparations of traditional Chinese medicines and traditional preparations. The results also show that there are obvious differences in the pharmacodynamics of Guifudihuang pills with different particle sizes made from different methods. At the same dose, the pharmacodynamic effects of micron-sized formulations are more pronounced. In addition to oral administration, traditional methods such as local patching, acupoint administration, and transdermal absorption of Chinese herbs will also exert better therapeutic effects with the increase in the bioavailability of micrometer Chinese medicines. (2) Improve drug efficacy on the premise of maintaining the pharmacodynamics material basis. Under the premise of maintaining the inherent pharmacodynamic material basis of traditional Chinese medicine, micrometer Chinese medicine has increased drug solubility, improved absorption efficiency, and improved bioavailability. Therefore, its efficacy will be significantly enhanced. It is generally believed that traditional Chinese medicines have a relatively slow onset of action and a relatively moderate effect. If they are changed to micrometer-based Chinese medicines, the curative effect will be greatly enhanced, and the speed at which drug effects will be exerted will also be greatly increased. Experimental studies in this area [9~11] have obtained positive results. (3) Save resources and facilitate application. After the Chinese medicine is processed into micrometer Chinese medicine, the medicinal properties can be fully exerted, and after reducing the dose, the same curative effect as the original dose can be obtained. Therefore, micrometer traditional Chinese medicine can save resources of traditional Chinese medicine, reduce the production cost of traditional Chinese medicine, and benefit enterprises and users. According to preliminary statistical analysis, the administration dose of pills and powders of micrometer Chinese medicine can be reduced to 1/5 to 1/2 of the original, and the dose of soup can be only 1/20 to 1/5 of the original dose. At the same time, because of its smaller particle size, micron medicines can improve taste and ease of administration. In addition, Micron Chinese medicine and related technologies will also promote the diversification of Chinese pharmaceutical formulations, and accelerate the development of new formulations such as Chinese medicine instant tablets, dry powder inhalers, and sprays to meet the needs of different medications and greatly improve the modernization level of Chinese medicine. At present, the preparation method of micrometer Chinese medicine is mainly ultrafine pulverization, also known as cell-level pulverization, that is, crushing and pulverizing the Chinese medicine into micronized Chinese medicine using various ultrafine pulverizers. Commonly used grinders such as: mechanical impact mill, air mill, vibration mill, etc. [1]. The preparation technology of micron medicines has been put into practical use now, and the benefits are good. It is expected that it will be more widely used by the Chinese medicine industry in the future. Nano-materials of Chinese medicine, when the particles of the material are as small as 1 to 100 nm, due to quantum effects, localized properties, and large surfaces and interfacial effects, many properties of the material undergo qualitative changes, presenting many different from macroscopic objects. Different from the singular phenomenon of a single isolated atom. Nanotechnology is the direct use of the novel physical, chemical, and biological properties of atoms, molecules, and substances on the nanometer scale to produce materials or products with specific functions [12]. For the application prospects of nanotechnology in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, Zhang Yongjiang has introduced [6], and it is expected that nanotechnology can be used for single gene assembly and breeding, processing of feed pellets, and development of highly effective and low-toxic veterinary drugs. Currently referred to as nano-drugs, polymeric materials are used as excipients to form nano-microspheres or micro-capsules through macromolecules to load the microspheres or microcapsules. The purpose is to effectively control the drug release at a specific site at the most suitable release rate and dose [13]. The preparation methods of nano microspheres mainly include: (1) hydrophobic polymer dispersion method; (2) hydrophilic polymer dispersion method; (3) polymerization method to prepare polymer nano microspheres; (4) polymer self-assembly method Preparation of drug-loaded nanospheres [14]. In 2000, Yang Xiangliang et al. [2] proposed the concept of nano-medicine, which caused great repercussions in the medical community. Nano-Chinese medicine refers to the active ingredients, effective parts, original medicines and their compound preparations of Chinese medicines with a particle size of less than 100 nm manufactured by using nanotechnology. In their preliminary screening tests, they conducted nanoscale treatment of certain mineral medicines and conducted pharmacodynamics studies. The results showed that certain new pharmacodynamic properties emerged after nanoscale treatment of drugs. Therefore, the biggest feature of nano-Chinese medicine compared with micro-Chinese medicine is that it can change the pharmaceutical properties of traditional Chinese medicine, which is of great significance for improving the quality and level of traditional Chinese medicine by adopting high-tech and developing traditional Chinese medicine preparations with new efficacy. If you can solve the cost and industrialization problems, nano-medicine will be applied in the following aspects [14]: (1) to improve or enhance the solubility and bioavailability of traditional Chinese medicine. Before the advent of nanotechnology, some traditional Chinese medicines had low solubility in water (or other solvents) and could not be formulated into suitable dosage forms for clinical use. They had to increase the dosage to achieve efficacy, but increasing the dosage may lead to corresponding Side effects, but also a waste of resources. Application of nanotechnology can solve the problem of dissolution of Chinese medicine [15], improve the effectiveness of such traditional Chinese medicine preparations, can also be made into more suitable for clinical application of dosage forms. (2) Facilitate the production of sustained or controlled release formulations. Some Chinese medicines with short half-lives cannot achieve sustained release or controlled release using common methods. Similar to western medicines with short half-life, frequent administrations are required to maintain effective blood concentrations in the body. With nanotechnology, these traditional Chinese medicines can be easily made into sustained-release or controlled-release preparations. (3) Targeted administration. According to different parts of the body's physiological enzymes and bacterial distribution, cell distribution, network structure, lymphatic distribution, etc., using different polymer materials or surface modification, made of the required Chinese medicine nanoparticles, can be transported to the specified target of traditional Chinese medicine Area; magnetic nanoparticles can also be made using in vitro and in vivo methods for targeted delivery. (4) Smart drug delivery system (drug feedback regulation release). Using nanotechnology to make Chinese medicines into nanoparticles, liposomes, etc., and then appropriate surface modification, or grafting with macromolecules that are sensitive to changes in certain enzymes, pH, proteins, etc., in the physiological environment. Certain changes in information are used to control the release of drugs from such Chinese medicine preparations. (5) reduce the gastrointestinal irritation of certain Chinese herbs. Oral Chinese medicine is related to the gastrointestinal stimuli and the granularity and release rate of the drug. If the gastrointestinal irritant drugs can be made into nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, etc., supplemented with appropriate forms of administration, lower the drug in the stomach. Local "stacked" release can avoid or reduce the gastrointestinal irritation of this type of drug [16]. However, so far, nano-medicine has gone from theory to practice, and there are still many problems that need to be further addressed. First of all, we must consider the necessity and scope of application of Chinese medicine nanotechnology. If the Chinese herbal medicines and animals used in traditional Chinese medicines are processed into particles below 100 nm, their limits are already close to the single molecule level of certain macromolecules, so it is likely to destroy the original active ingredients and pharmacodynamic properties of traditional Chinese medicines. There is uncertainty about its active ingredients and pharmacodynamic properties. It is generally believed that the application of Chinese medicine nanotechnology may be of practical value if it is limited to certain mineral medicines containing low-molecular, inorganic, or insoluble ingredients; but if the nano-scale application is extended to a large number of plant or animal medicines, It is necessary to carefully consider the relationship between the nanoparticle size and the molecular composition and relative molecular mass of the active ingredient contained in the related Chinese medicine. Otherwise, it will not be worth the damage because of the availability of nanoparticles and the destruction of the active ingredient of the drug [17]. Second, we must consider the feasibility of preparation of nano-medicine. At present, although the concept of nano-medicine is widely circulated, there are few reports on its preparation methods. There are no major problems in the nanotechnology treatment of mineral Chinese medicines. The physical and chemical methods for the conventional preparation of nanomaterials can all be adopted, but it may be difficult for Chinese herbal medicines that are used in large quantities in Chinese herbal medicines or animals. In order not to change the active ingredients of traditional plant or animal medicines, it is generally not possible to use chemical methods. It is even less appropriate to use physical methods that require high temperature, high pressure, and other harsh conditions in the preparation process. However, it is difficult to use ordinary mechanical grinding methods. The drug is processed to a particle size of 100 nm or less. At the same time, due to the ultra-fine particle size of nano-Chinese medicines, its surface effects and quantum effects are significantly enhanced, so that the active ingredients of medicines have a high-level oxidation or reduction potential, which makes it difficult for drugs to maintain their stability and increase the difficulty of shelf life and storage. . In addition, the preparation of nano-particles is generally costly, and traditionally has a relatively high price of Chinese medicine, which will be more difficult for the market to accept after nano-treatment. Due to the above reasons, there is currently no trend in the world for the widespread adoption of nanotechnology for the treatment of all drugs. The main activity is to modify certain insoluble drugs or protect certain drugs with nanotechnology. The former aims at improving absorption and improving bioavailability, such as nano-calcium; the latter is mainly to control the release of drugs and prolong the time of action of drugs, such as oral active peptides [18]. Yuan Yingjin et al. [13] believe that the research and development of nano-pharmaceutical technologies that are suitable for the characteristics of Chinese medicine are imperative, such as the encapsulation technology, nanotechnology of multi-component drugs, and hybrid nano-preparation technology. The amphiphilic polymers self-assembled nanomicelles are more suitable for the preparation of Chinese medicine nano preparations, because the preparation method is relatively simple, the properties are adjustable, and the distribution in the body is mainly related to the size of the particle size, the surface morphology, and the nuclear The nature of the packaged drug is not significant. Compared with nanomedicines, micronized Chinese herbs do not have the above problems, because according to the principle of physics, the pharmacodynamics basis of micron medicines with a particle size in the range of 1~20mm does not occur compared with the original Chinese herbal medicines or preparations. Obvious changes in the molecular structure will not affect the properties of traditional Chinese medicine, efficacy characteristics and functional indications. Micron medicines are just superfine particles, and their degree of refinement is not enough to affect the changes in the structure of atoms or molecules. Therefore, they will not destroy the active ingredients of drugs, and they will not pose a threat to safe drug use. In terms of feasibility, the existing technology has been able to prepare micro-Chinese medicines at a lower cost, and its stability is much better than that of nano-medicines. Therefore, compared with nanomedicines, micronized Chinese herbs have more significant advantages and broader application prospects. References: [1] Chen Li, Wu Yuping. Micron Chinese medicine and its preparation technology [J]. Chinese herbal medicine, 2002,33 (10): 865-868. [2] Yang Xiangliang, Xu Huibi, Wu Jizhou, et al. Chinese medicine based on nanotechnology Basic Issues Study [J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2000, 28(12):104-106. [3] Nishioka Y, Yoshino H. Lymphatic targeting with Nanoparticulate system [J]. Adv Drug Del Rev, 2001, 47: 55-64. [4] Jacobs C, Kayser O, Mller R H. Nanosuspensions as a new approach for the formulation for the poorly soluble drug tarazepide [J]. Int J Pharm, 2000, 196:161-164. [5] I. Absolute oral bioavailability of nanocrystalline danazole in beagle dogs [J]. Int Pharm, 1995, 127:91-97. [6] Zhang Yongjiang Nanotechnology and Its Application in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine[J]. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science and Technology Information, 2002, 18(6):8-9. [7] Liu Chanming, Yang Hongyuan. Chinese Patent Medicine, 1998, 20(2): 17-19. [8] Du Xiaomin, Guo Qi, He . Pharmacodynamic comparison of traditional Chinese medicine preparations and ultrafine powder preparations [J]. Chinese patent medicine, 2000, 22 (4): 307-309. [9] Du Xiaomin, Liu Wei, He Wei. The pharmacodynamics study [J]. Chinese herbal medicine, 1999,30 (9): 680. [10] Wang Aiwu, Lv Wenhai, Yan Hui. Application of ultrafine grinding in the production of traditional Chinese medicine and prospects [J]. Shizheng Medicine and Medicine , 2000, 11(7): 669. [11] Lu Wenshao, Qiu Fujun, Wang Zuoming. Preliminary experimental study on the effects of concocting and ultrafine grinding on the efficacy of leech [J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2001, 26(4): 241-244. [12] Bai Chunli. Nanotechnology and its development prospects [A]. Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2001 Scientific Development Report [C]. Beijing: Science Press, 2001, 24-28. [13] Li Yongxue, Wang Chunlong, Li Jie. Application of nanotechnology in modern Chinese medicine preparations[J]. Chinese Herbal Medicine, 2002, 33(8): 673-375. [14] Yuan Yingjin, Liu Mingyan, Dong Anjie. Key technologies for modern production of traditional Chinese medicine [M]. Beijing : Chemical Industry Press, 2002. [15] Kawashima Y, yamamoto H, Takeuchi H, et al. Mucoadhe-sive DL-Lactide/glycolide copolymer nanospheres coated wi Th chitosan to improve oral delivery of elcatonin [J]. Pharm Dev Technol, 2000, 5:77-85. [16] Liversideg GC, Conzentino P. Drug particle size reduction for Forrest gastric irritancy and enhancing absorption of naproxen in rats [J Int J Pharm, 1995, 125:309-313. [17] Fufu Lu, Geng Jinlan, Yu Dajing, et al. Discussion on Micron Traditional Chinese Medicine [J]. World Science and Technology, 2001, 3(1): 12 -15. [18] Zhu Zhenfeng, Yang Jing. Recent advances in drug nano-controlled release systems [J]. Foreign Medical Sciences - Biomedical Engineering, 1998, 21(6):327-332.